Showing posts with label sociology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label sociology. Show all posts

Ways with Words: Language, Life and Work in Communities and Classrooms (Cambridge Paperback Library) Review

Ways with Words: Language, Life and Work in Communities and Classrooms (Cambridge Paperback Library)
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Ways with Words: Language, Life and Work in Communities and Classrooms (Cambridge Paperback Library) ReviewLanguage is power. Heath, a reflective practitioner of both human nature and schooling, provides an in-depth view of communities which epitomize the struggle for such power. In her ethnographic study of Trackton and Roadville, Heath lays bare the socializing process of children through words. The discontinuity between home and school is disturbing; a realization that students who do not fit the traditional way of schooling are left behind. Clearly illustrated is the need for teachers and students to bridge the gap which exists in relation to both language and culture, for without this effort some students will never acquire the power needed to take control of their education or pursue opportunities from which they have previously been excluded. This is must reading for student ethnographers, doctoral students, and those dedicated to school reform, particularly those in the areas of diversity in public schools, and language. This extraordinary book compares favorably to "Growing Up Literate: Learning From Inner-City Families" by Denny Taylor & Catherine Dorsey-Gaines.Ways with Words: Language, Life and Work in Communities and Classrooms (Cambridge Paperback Library) Overview

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Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago (Illinois) Review

Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago (Illinois)
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Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago (Illinois) ReviewDo you remember the heat wave in Chicago in 1995? The rail lines folded, electricity went out with rolling blackouts, some streets even buckled. The heat was over 100 degrees, rarely dipping below the 80's at night, and the humidity near 100%. But what most people don't remember is the horrific human death toll during that time. Over 700 people were killed in that heat wave that lasted nearly a week. But while the author looks deeply into the horror of this natural disaster, he mainly concentrates with precision on a few separate areas:
First, that heat waves kill more people annualy than all other types of natural disasters combined. Yet they receive little public attention mostly because they fail to generate the massive property damage and fantastic images produced by other weather-related disasters.
Second, most of the people that died were the elderly and poor, who died at home, with their windows often sealed or even nailed shut to prevent rampant crime in their areas. They had no air conditioning because they could not afford it, and little or any access to any social help because of their economic situation.
The author also looks into how the city of Chicago didn't come to grips with what had happened until the heat wave was well over, and that because of the social structure where the affluent have ample protection from such massive natural disasters, the elderly, infirm and poor will likely remain having none. And while dealing with the aftermath is much more costly, governments choose not to prepare for them with social programs which are often viewed as liberal pork or government waste.
A fascinating, well written book. It also contains many images, some of which appear is if taken from somewhere like Somalia. Eric Klinenberg is an sociology professor at Northwestern University.Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago (Illinois) Overview

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Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues, Updated with a new preface Review

Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues, Updated with a new preface
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Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues, Updated with a new preface ReviewFinally Dr. Farmer couples his lucid historical, political and economic analyses of the conditions that put the poor at risk for bad health outcomes, with a plainly indignant calling out of healthcare professionals and healthcare organizations to make honest efforts to understand and remedy conditions which would never be tolerated among the well off in Western nations. In his goundbreaking, earlier books, "AIDS and Accusations," and "The Uses of Haiti," Dr. Farmer matter of factly discusses the global and local structural conditions and misrepresentations which led to the spread of disease and persistent, dismal health conditions in Haiti. In "Infections and Inequality," Dr. Farmer adds moral overtones to incisive, sociopolitical analysis and his characteristic accounts of individuals suffering from disease. The book consequently provides a powerful reflection from a man who has worked in some of the world's poorest regions on what the benefits of medical technology mean for people who have not traditionally had access to them. A powerful, informative read that clearly reflects the years of experience of a physician who has wrestled with the global responsibility of caring for the those who are worst off. An obligatory read for anyone even thinking of working for the impoverished of the world.Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues, Updated with a new preface Overview

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Class Matters Review

Class Matters
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Class Matters ReviewMost books about race and class in America tend toward the macroscopic, marshalling their arguments behind surveys, statistics, and broad statements of theory or conjecture. Case studies or anecdotes about specific individuals are presented, if at all, to illustrate and particularize from whatever generalized conclusions their authors happen to be espousing. Such works of course serve useful purposes, but they can seem coldly impersonal, lacking any sense of the human lives that comprise all those statistics. Only occasionally do writers like Studs Terkel or Barbara Ehrenreich come along to put a human face on these issues.
Journalism, on the other hand, revels in the particular. Human drama provides the attraction, and individual stories create the base from which to propel the writer into broader statements of issues and positions. Thus, it is hardly surprising that CLASS MATTERS, a book compiled from stories previously published about class in America by the New York Times, should consist largely of anecdotes.
That it works so well is a tribute not just to the writers themselves, but to the editorial framers of this collection. CLASS MATTERS addresses the great taboo of America, the myth of a classless society. Never does the book claim that American life is caste-bound or separated into rigid classes. Rather, the opening chapter asserts that while class mobility still exists (that is, one can be born poor and lower class but, through dint of steady self-application in school and hard work thereafter, the opportunities for "upgrading" oneself are effectively limitless), the degree of such mobility has lessened considerably in the last 30 years. Never has it been more true that the best choice one can make in life is one's choice of parents, and economic trends and (especially) Republican public policy are only exacerbating the problem.
The bulk of CLASS MATTERS is taken up with extended newspaper articles that articulate various aspects of class in America and its effect on people's lives. For example, the opening chapter details the crises of three individuals who suffered heart attacks - how their responses, emergency care, choice of doctors and treatments, and follow-up care differed according to their socioeconomic class. Other stories document interclass marriages (she upper, he lower), a lawyer whose return to her Appalachian roots forces her confront class differences, an immigrant Mexican restaurant worker in New York struggling to survive while working for a successful, Greek immigrant boss, and an upward-striving family of corporate nomads bouncing from one big city bedroom community (like Alpharetta, Georgia) to another.
CLASS MATTERS occasionally detours (to its positive credit) away from pure case history reporting to discuss more general topics. One of the most telling concerns the dropout rate in American four-year colleges (only 41% of low income students manage to graduate within five years) and the increasingly middle-class nature of those colleges' student bodies. As Anthony Marx, President of Amherst College, is quoted as saying, "If we are blind to educational disadvantages associated with need, we will simply replicate these disadvantages while appearing to make decisions based on merit." In one simple statement, Mr. Marx hits dead-on the most crucial educational issue of 21st Century America. Other chapters discuss the treatment of class in American fiction and cinema and the efforts of corporate marketers (BMW, Godiva, cruise lines) to downscale their products to lower classes while retaining the aura of upper class luxury.
The book's closing chapter, "Angela Whitaker's Climb," is by far its most affecting piece. The story describes the Herculean efforts of Ms. Whitaker, a middle-aged Chicagoan with five children by nearly as many different fathers, to turn her life around through nursing school. A tenth grade high school dropout and a former crack addict, she loses two of her sons to the streets but manages to get an Associate's Degree, pass her nursing exams, and find professional employment that puts her solidly into middle class life. Yet every day is a precarious balance: struggling to make ends meet, keeping her children on the right path, and satisfying the financial needs of her extended family. While Ms. Whitaker's story is touching for its emblematic demonstration of the Horatio Alger myth, her difficulties in achieving success make it clear that she is unusual, one in perhaps ten thousand, or maybe one in a million. Her success is admirable, but it is the extraordinary odds against that success that make her story a chilling, almost frightening tale of class in America.Class Matters Overview

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Nisa: The Life and Words of a Kung Woman Review

Nisa: The Life and Words of a Kung Woman
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Nisa: The Life and Words of a Kung Woman ReviewMajorie Shostak's account of her anthropology trip to Africa's Kalahari Desert examining the rituals, lifestyles and existence of the !Kung tribe is not to be read like an expanded version of a National Geographic article. It is written with academic rigor and precise examination of a !Kung woman Nisa. The majority of the book is told through Nisa's words which are translated into English with as much accuracy possible by Shostak. Shostak prefaces each chapter with a more general description of the events of Nisa's life which follow. The !Kung have such a different life style than Westerners, so naturally the story telling methods Nisa uses are a little unfamiliar. There is much more repetition of certain phrases and ideas that some of us might find excessive. If one can get past this they will soon see what an expert Nisa actually is. Also it is a tribute to Shostak that she didn't slice up the narrative to make it more accessible for Westerners.
The book in begun with an extensive introduction, about 40 pages. Although at first this might feel over detailed and cumbersome, it is a necessity to read it before jumping into Nisa's narrative because some of the actions taken might seem unfathomable without a better understanding of !Kung life. For instance, when Nisa describes stealing and hoarding food for herself as a child, we might feel she is extremely selfish. But after reading the introduction we understand that in !Kung life there is virtually no private property. Imagine being a young child and having nothing of "your own." I think we all would have stolen to some extent. Also during the time the book was written there was a struggle within the anthropology communities as to whether these "field work" expeditions we're even worth taking. There were many who thought that the "white man" was so engrained with his own cultural sense of morality that any attempt to interpret or understand someone different would be wasted time. So it is possible that in parts of the long introduction Shostak was justifying to her academic circle why it was important that she did go to see another kind of life.
After the introduction is over, we move into various important events in Nisa's life, described by Nisa and prefaced by Shostak. Although these interviews were not given chronologically they are presented in as workable a series events as possible. We are taken first through her childhood in which Nisa's mother has her second child and no longer allows her to breast feed because it is believed that once her younger brother is born, it is his milk. We are then taken, to various cases of childhood problems. The `Discovering sex' chapter is worth noting, children go away and as Nisa says "play sexually". Although the parent's sometimes mildly scorn this, they remember how important is was for them in developing as sexual beings, so they pretty much look away. I think that our incredibly sexually conservative and private culture could learn something from this. It shouldn't necessarily be discouraged for children to discover certain aspects of themselves, and have sexual feeling, (we should stop pretending as if they don't!)
We are then taken through trial marriages; theeseoften "fail", because the girl married is too young. The most important events in a !Kung woman's life are first menstruation, marriage, and childbirth.
Another chapter worth noting is most clearly illuminates why Shostak's expedition into the Kalahari was so vital to understanding !Kung life. The chapter entitled 'Change' accounts the arrival of the very different Christian cattle herders. The Hero brought, (among other things), permanent villages, alcohol, western religion, tobacco, etc. Although some people might consider some of these things "civilization", (and I would not count myself among this crowd), the sad truth is that !Kung culture is dieing. More and more are forsaking the old way of life for the much more stable continuous food source. And even if the corrupt regimes they live under exploit their way of life to promote tourism, they are being stifled the the exact same regimes. Nisa's generation is the last link to the nearly completely un- westernized !Kung life. Without Shostak's magnificent book we would have a much harder time understanding this beautiful nomadic way of life.
One of the amazing thing about this book, unlike many other cross cultural examinations, is that it doesn't concentrate on some of the "shocking" taboos that might have made it a bestseller, (just under Tom Clancy). It instead just tells the story of a woman. One does not finish it and say, "wow they're different they need Jesus." One feels a connection to Nisa, and we realize not that we are different but that we are more similar than we would know or like to know. This also shows us that they're clearly are universal human emotions. Nisa goes through, love, hate, guilt, grief, regret, resentment, fear, happiness, etc, just like every human being! To go through it is to be human. Even in a culture totally different than ours these emotions are still there. In an age where we feel like we must "spread democracy", like we're spreading humanity, it is all the more important to realize that the same humanity exists whether or not they are infested with corrupt corporate puppets. I would recommend this book to anyone who feels lie they want to know more about other societies, and ways of life, in a more in depth format.
We have two wonderful women to thank for this powerful book on !Kung life, or !Kung life as it should be.

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